Membrane bioreactors offer a revolutionary approach to wastewater treatment, combining the efficiency of biological processes with the selectivity of membrane filtration. These systems employ immobilized microorganisms within a reactor vessel to effectively remove organic matter and nutrients from wastewater streams. Subsequently, high-performance

PVDF membrane bioreactors emerge as a promising approach for treating wastewater. These systems employ porous PVDF membranes to separate contaminants from wastewater, generating a treated effluent. Numerous studies show the efficiency of PVDF membrane bioreactors in treating various contaminants, including suspended solids. The results of these sys